Shiro Kuriwaki

• Ticket Splitting in a Nationalized Era. [Previously titled "Party Loyalty on the Long Ballot: Is Ticket Splitting More Prevalent in State and Local Elections?]. [Covered by The Post and Courier, Governing, Colorado Public Radio News].
Abstract

Many believe that party loyalty in U.S. elections has reached heights unprecedented in the post-war era, although this finding relies on evidence from presidential, congressional, and gubernatorial elections. If party labels are a heuristic, we would expect party-line voting to be even more dominant in lower-information elections. Yet, here I show that the prevalence of ticket splitting in state and local offices is often similar to or higher than in national offices because of larger incumbency advantages and starker candidate valence differentials. Because neither surveys nor election returns have been able to reliably measure individual vote choice in downballot races, I introduce an underused source of voter data: cast vote records. I create a database from voting machines that reveals the vote choices of 6.6 million voters for all offices on the long ballot, and I design a clustering algorithm tailored to such ballot data. In contrast to ticket splitting rates of 5 to 7 percent in U.S. House races, about 15 to 20 percent of voters split their ticket in a modal Sheriff race. Even in a nationalized politics, a fraction of voters still cross party lines to vote for the more experienced candidate in state and local elections.

• Congressional Representation: Accountability from the Constituent’s Perspective. (with Stephen Ansolabehere). Accepted, American Journal of Political Science. [Replication Data]
Abstract
The premise that constituents hold representatives accountable for their legislative decisions undergirds political theories of democracy and legal theories of statutory interpretation. But studies of this at the individual level are rare, examine only a handful of issues, and arrive at mixed results. We provide an extensive assessment of issue accountability at the individual level. We trace the congressional rollcall votes on 44 bills across seven Congresses (2006-2018), and link them to constituent's perceptions of their representative's votes and their evaluation of their representative. Correlational, instrumental variables, and experimental approaches all show that constituents hold representatives accountable. A one-standard deviation increase in a constituent's perceived issue agreement with their representative can improve net approval by 35 percentage points. Congressional districts, however, are heterogeneous. Consequently, the effect of issue agreement on vote is much smaller at the district-level, resolving an apparent discrepancy between micro and macro studies.
• Wealth, Slave Ownership, and Fighting for the Confederacy: An Empirical Study of the American Civil War. 2019. (with Andrew B. Hall and Connor Huff). American Political Science Review, 113 (3): 658-673. [Replication Data] [Covered by The Weeds podcast].
Abstract
How did personal wealth and slaveownership affect the likelihood Southerners fought for the Confederate Army in the American Civil War? On the one hand, wealthy Southerners had incentives to free-ride on poorer Southerners and avoid fighting; on the other hand, wealthy Southerners were disproportionately slaveowners, and thus had more at stake in the outcome of the war. We assemble a dataset on roughly 3.9 million free citizens in the Confederacy and show that slaveowners were more likely to fight than non-slaveowners. We then exploit a randomized land lottery held in 1832 in Georgia. Households of lottery winners owned more slaves in 1850 and were more likely to have sons who fought in the Confederate Army. We conclude that slaveownership, in contrast to some other kinds of wealth, compelled Southerners to fight despite free-rider incentives because it raised their stakes in the war’s outcome.

• Towards Principled Unskewing: Viewing 2020 Election Polls Through a Corrective Lens from 2016. (with Michael Isakov). Harvard Data Science Review, 2.4 (pre - 2020 election special issue). [PDF version with post-election review] [Covered by The Harvard Crimson]
Abstract
We apply the concept of the data defect index (Meng, 2018) to study the potential impact of systematic errors on the 2020 pre-election polls in twelve Presidential battleground states. We investigate the impact under the hypothetical scenarios that (1) the magnitude of the underlying non-responses bias correlated with supporting Donald Trump is similar to that of the 2016 polls, (2) the pollsters' ability to correct systematic errors via weighting has not improved significantly, and (3) turnout levels remain similar as 2016. Because survey weights are crucial for our investigations but are often not released, we adopt two approximate methods under different modeling assumptions. Under these scenarios, which may be far from reality, our models shift Trump's estimated two-party voteshare by a percentage point in his favor in the median battleground state, and increases twofold the uncertainty around the voteshare estimate.

Education in Political Science

• The "Math Prefresher" and The Collective Future of Political Science Graduate Training. (with Gary King and Yon Soo Park). PS: Political Science and Politics, 54(3): 537-541.
Abstract
The political science math prefresher arose a quarter-century ago and has now spread to many of our discipline’s PhD programs. Incoming students arrive for graduate school a few weeks early for ungraded instruction in math, statistics, and computer science as they relate to political science. The prefresher’s benefits, however, go beyond its technical content: it opens pathways to mastering methods necessary for political science research, facilitates connections among peers, and — perhaps most important — eases the transition to the increasingly collaborative nature of graduate work. The prefresher also shows how faculty across a highly diverse discipline have worked together to train the next generation. We review this program and advance its collaborative aspects by building infrastructure to share teaching content across universities so that separate programs can build on one another’s work and improve all of our programs.

• The Impact of the U.S. Census Disclosure Avoidance System on Redistricting and Voting Rights Analysis (with Christopher T. Kenny, Cory McCartan, Evan Rosenman, Tyler Simko, and Kosuke Imai). Public Comment to the Census Bureau, May 28, 2021. [Our Response to Questions, Reaction to the Census Bureau's Response on June 9, 2021.]
Abstract
The US Census Bureau plans to protect the privacy of 2020 Census respondents through its Disclosure Avoidance System (DAS), which attempts to achieve differential privacy guarantees by adding noise to the Census microdata. By applying redistricting simulation and analysis methods to DAS-protected 2010 Census data, we find that the protected data are not of sufficient quality for redistricting purposes. We demonstrate that the injected noise makes it impossible for states to accurately comply with the One Person, One Vote principle. Our analysis finds that the DAS-protected data are biased against certain areas, depending on voter turnout and partisan and racial composition, and that these biases lead to large and unpredictable errors in the analysis of partisan and racial gerrymanders. Finally, we show that the DAS algorithm does not universally protect respondent privacy. Based on the names and addresses of registered voters, we are able to predict their race as accurately using the DAS-protected data as when using the 2010 Census data. Despite this, the DAS-protected data can still inaccurately estimate the number of majority-minority districts. We conclude with recommendations for how the Census Bureau should proceed with privacy protection for the 2020 Census.
• Synthetic Area Weighting for Measuring Public Opinion in Small Areas (with Soichiro Yamauchi).
Abstract
The comparison of subnational areas is ubiquitous but survey samples of these areas are often biased or prohibitively small. Researchers turn to methods such as multilevel regression and poststratification (MRP) to improve the efficiency of estimates by partially pooling data across areas via random effects. However, the random effect approach can pool observations only through area-level aggregates. We instead propose a weighting estimator, the synthetic area estimator, which weights on variables measured only in the survey to partially pool observations individually. The proposed method consists of two-step weighting: first to adjust differences across areas and then to adjust for differences between the sample and population. Unlike MRP, our estimator can directly use the national weights that are often estimated from pollsters using proprietary information. Our approach also clarifies the assumptions needed for valid partial pooling, without imposing an outcome model. We apply the proposed method to estimate the support for immigration policies at the congressional district level in Florida. Our empirical results show that small area estimation models with insufficient covariates can mask opinion heterogeneities across districts.
• Are We There Yet? Big Data Significantly Overestimates COVID-19 Vaccination in the US (with Valerie C. Bradley, Michael Isakov, Dino Sejdinovic, Xiao-Li Meng, and Seth Flaxman).
Abstract
Public health efforts to control the COVID-19 pandemic rely on accurate surveys. However, estimates of vaccine uptake in the US from Delphi-Facebook, Census Household Pulse, and Axios-Ipsos surveys exhibit the Big Data Paradox: the larger the survey, the further its estimate from the benchmark provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In April 2021, Delphi-Facebook, the largest survey, overestimated vaccine uptake by 20 percentage points. Discrepancies between estimates of vaccine willingness and hesitancy, which have no benchmarks, also grow over time and cannot be explained through selection bias on traditional demographic variables alone. However, a recent framework on investigating Big Data quality (Meng, Annals of Applied Statistics, 2018) allows us to quantify contributing factors, and to provide a data quality-driven scenario analysis for vaccine willingness and hesitancy.
• A Clustering Approach for Characterizing Voter Types: An Application to High-Dimensional Ballot and Survey Data
Abstract
Large-scale ballot and survey data hold the potential to uncover the prevalence of swing voters and strong partisans in the electorate. However, existing approaches either employ exploratory analyses that fail to fully leverage the information available in high-dimensional data, or impose a one-dimensional spatial voting model. I derive a clustering algorithm which better captures the probabilistic way in which theories of political behavior conceptualize the swing voter. Building from the canonical finite mixture model, I tailor the model to vote data, for example by allowing uncontested races. I apply this algorithm to actual ballots in the Florida 2000 election and a multi-state survey in 2018. In Palm Beach County, I find that up to 60 percent of voters were straight ticket voters; in the 2018 survey, even higher. The remaining groups of the electorate were likely to cross the party line and split their ticket, but not monolithically: swing voters were more likely to swing for state and local candidates and popular incumbents.
• Sparse Multilevel Regression (and Poststratification). (with Max Goplerud, Marc Ratkovic, and Dustin Tingley).
Abstract
Multilevel models have long played an important role in a variety of social sciences. We extend this framework by bringing to bear recent developments in the machine learning literature to allow for considerable flexibility. We introduce a sparse regression framework that covers both the linear case as well as a logit model for binary outcome data. We leverage recent computational tricks based on data-augmentation to dramatically speed up estimation times with equal or better performance compared to existing approaches. We apply our model in the context of multilevel modelling with post-stratification which has become a common tool for survey researchers.
• The Seats Votes Curve for Issues: On the Aggregation of Issue Preferences. (with Stephen Ansolabehere)
Abstract
The seats-votes curve is widely used to evaluate the fairness of electoral systems. Existing examples almost exclusively use election results to estimate the seats-votes curve. Instead of evaluating how votes for political parties translate into seats, we measure how the support for a particular policy translates into the proportion of districts whose majorities support that same policy, providing a similarly powerful measure of how an electoral system represents voter’s issue preferences. Using the twelve years of the Cooperative Congressional Election Study, we show the seats-votes curve equivalent for 75 key roll-call votes. We find that the seats-votes curve for issue preferences is remarkably majoritarian in both U.S. states and congressional districts, following the cubic polynomial. These findings suggest the blame for representational failures of Congress, in which issues with majority support do not become law, do not solely lie in the districting system.

Book Project: Congressional Representation

(with Stephen Ansolabehere)

I have taught classes on American Politics, Japanese Politics, statistics, and programming, at the undergraduate, Masters, and PhD level. I received the 2020 Dean's Excellence in Teaching Award at the Harvard Kennedy School of Public Policy for my teaching in econometrics and shepherding the use of the R statistical language in its core statistics sequence. This work included creating portable screencasts of R workflows, covering common topics in econometrics, causal inference, data science, quantitative social science.

I am a RStudio certified trainer, and have created several resources for statistics and data science for the social sciences that I hope are useful for other students and instructors. These include a workshop I co-designed on training teachers in the social sciences for teaching statistics and programming my presentations on project-oriented workflow (invited presentation, Toronto Data Workshop), introduction to version control with GitHub (source), introduction to Stata (source), and statistics notes covering Probability, Inference, and Regression written for a Masters-level statistics course (source).

• The Cast Vote Records project is collecting and organizing public ballot image logs to advance the understanding of voting patterns in federal, state and local elections. One of the project's goals is to establish a relational database for such data. This project is one of the 2018 New Initiative Grants from the MIT Election Data and Science Lab. Please feel free to contact me for any questions about this project. Fore more information, see the associated empirical paper or the memo on the election administration of cast vote records.
• The Cumulative CCES Common Content (2006-2019) (downloaded on Dataverse over 10,000 times) is a part of the Cooperative Congressional Election Survey Dataverse. It combines all common content respondents of the CCES and harmonizes key variables, so that researchers can analyze all years of the CCES or merge in standardized variables with their own CCES datasets.
• Portable Routines for Preparing CCES and ACS data for MRP (ccesMRPprep) is a set of datasets and API interfaces to facilitate Multilevel Regression Poststratification (MRP), a survey weighting method for small area estimation. Other articles already provide helpful tutorials and code for MRP. But implementing a MRP entails considerable upfront costs related to data collection, cleaning, and standardization. This package provides these routines: not only modeling software, but code to import and standardize publicly available data sources, combined with detailed documentation about these data sources.

About the banner image: Survey data from the Cumulative CCES, limited to validated voters in contested districts who voted for a major party in the Presidency and House. Estimates are made at the congressional district level and use Multilevel Regression Poststratification (MRP) stratifying on age, gender, education from the ACS and using House candidate incumbency status and presidential voteshare as district-level predictors. In presidential years the values represent ticket splitting (e.g. Trump voters who voted for a 2016 Democratic House candidate); in midterm years they represent party switch from the previous presidential election (e.g. Trump voters who voted for a 2018 Democratic House candidate). Districts where a Democrat and Republican candidate did not contest the general election are left blank. Figure created by Shiro Kuriwaki.

About this website: This website uses code from Minimal Mistakes, Github Pages, uses some CSS from Matt Blackwell's website at the time, and is inspired by Sarah Bouchat's website and Andrew Hall's website.